BEE VENOM FOR LUNG INFLAMMATION & RESPIRATORY INFLAMMATION
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Patients with lower respiratory tract infections are common in primary care. The most common is the cervical spine, that is, acute bronchitis, which is self-healing, but which can cause difficult coughing. Most serious is pneumonia, which is still a disease that can lead to death. Children <5 years have more pneumonia than adults, which is explained by the fact that they have more viral pneumonias. The incidence of bacterial pneumonias in the population, however, is the same as in adults, about 1 percent annually.
Respiratory tract infections are common in adults and adolescents. Acute bronchitis is one of the most prominent types of lung inflammations, which can heal itself but can lead to severe complications if not treated on time. Patients of acute bronchitis might have a nagging cough, sore throat, wheezing in chest, productive or nonproductive cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath and in case of severe inflammation fever, body aches and chills too. |
The most severe type of lung inflammation is pneumonia and it can lead to death too. As children have a weak immune system, they easily become a victim of this deadly disease. The most common symptoms of pneumonia are a pain in the chest while coughing or breathing, productive cough, general fatigue, shaking chills and sweating, vomiting or diarrhea, mental confusion, and high fever. The symptoms can vary from one person to another.
How to differentiate between pneumonia and bronchitis?
It can get difficult sometimes, to accurately diagnose a patient's condition when it comes to lung and respiratory tract inflammation. By the symptoms observed, it cannot be said that a person is suffering from pneumonia or acute bronchitis.
To make a solid diagnosis, a CRP analysis is recommended. The C - reactive protein is a blood test that helps detect any sort of inflammation in the body. A blood sample is obtained to examine CRP that is produced by the liver. CRP is known as an active reactant and its level will rise by the inflammation. A high level of CRP will indicate some sort of serious infection.
Regulatory T Cells Contribute to the Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation via Bee Venom Phospholipase...
BV (bee venom) has been used since long to treat different inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. According to the clinical examination done earlier, it was established that bee venom phospholipase A2 possesses anti-inflammatory effects through the induction of T cells.
Commonly, radiotherapy is prescribed to patients of cancer, but it often leads to side effects like inflammation. In this clinical study, the main focus was to determine, the defensive effects of bee venom phospholipase A2 in the radiation-induced lung inflammation. For this experiment, the model mice were prepared by exposing their lungs to 75 Gy of x-rays and then later given bee venom phospholipase A2, 6 times after the radiation therapy.
To determine the extent of inflammation, histological changes, mRNA level of inflammatory cytokine and the count of immune cells in the lungs were measured. It was found that bee venom phospholipase A2 helped in controlling the growth of immune cells like eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Not only this, but bvPLA2 (bee venom phospholipase A2) also decreased the inflammasome, fibrosis, cytokine, and chemokine related genes of mRNA expression. According to the histological result, the weakening effect of bee venom phospholipase A2 was noticed on the radiation-induced lungs.
T cell depletion eradicated any sort of therapeutic effects of bee venom phospholipase A2, on the radiation-induced pneumonitis relating to the anti-inflammatory effect of bee venom phospholipase A2 to be dependent on the regulatory T cells. It can be concluded from these findings that bee venom phospholipase A2 carries therapeutic potential in the fibrosis and pneumonitis treatments.
Apitoxin, also known as bee venom, has been used in different doses and combinations to control symptoms of inflammation. It is one of the best alternative medicines for dealing with neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer, as it carries a strong immune-modulatory effect.
The therapeutic effect of BV is linked with its anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activity. BV contains apamin, adolapin, melittin, cell degranulating peptide, and bvPLA2. Bee venom phospholipase A2 is considered to be the main allergenic compound of BV. Fresh clinical studies have revealed that bee venom phospholipase bears a protective immune response to different inflammatory disorders and diseases.
Radiotherapy consists of a high energy radiation treatment, which is most commonly used to kill cells that are responsible for cancer. In some cases, radiotherapy is given before surgery so that the tumor can shrink and make it easier for the surgeon to remove it. While radiotherapy is also given post-surgery in some cases so that any residual particles of the tumor can be destroyed completely.
SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy) is one of the best types of radiation therapy that has a greater accuracy when compared with the conventional forms of radiotherapy. Various SBRT studies in the case of lung cancer have shown excellent results. But still, regardless of the type of radiotherapy, radiation treatment has some adverse effects on the tissues that are located near to the tumor. All those patients, who go through radiotherapy, face late pulmonary fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis at some stage.
In the study, conducted earlier, it was established that late pulmonary fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis may include an innate immune response and inflammasome due to tissue injury and inflammation. The innate immune mechanism detects tissue damage and then translates information to the defense and repair system of the body. As a result, the process of angiogenesis and wound repair is stimulated along with the activation of adaptive immunity. Signaling of the inflammasome is followed by the IL-1β secretion and processing in the dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages.
All of these events are linked with the concomitant radiation-induced fibrosis and pneumonitis. For this clinical study, an SBRT treated model mice were selected to have a better understanding of the therapeutic effects of bee venom phospholipase A2, on radiation pneumonitis. Freshly conducted examination showed that bee venom phospholipase A2 carries a strong ability to enhance the overall population of Tregs. Also known as the regulatory T cells, they are potent modulatory cells that maintain a specific level of tolerance towards autoantigens. Tregs are also known to be the main immune suppressors that prevent any sort of unwanted immune response.
Bee venom phospholipase A2 induced T cells and generated the immunosuppressive effect through them and directly treated the lungs. According to the results derived, a hypothesis was established that bee venom phospholipase A2 might possess the ability to lessen the effects of radiation-induced pneumonitis when facilitated by T cell induction. But in this study, strong evidence has been brought forward that bee venom phospholipase A2, actually has potential therapeutic effects that can suppress inflammation in the lungs caused due to radiation.
To determine the effect of bee venom phospholipase A2, on radiation-induced lung, a single dose of the 75Gy of x-rays was given to the left lung through a single fraction. All the lung sections that were stained with H and E showed that focal irradiation helped induce the formation of inflammatory cell infiltration and an intra-alveolar hyaline membrane.
Intra-alveolar inflammatory mark of the IR+PBS group was noted to be higher than that of the control group. And on the other hand, the IR+PLA2 group indicated less damage to the tissues, which can be understood due to the formation of inflammatory cell infiltration and intra-alveolar hyaline membrane. According to Masson’s trichrome staining, it was established that the IR+PBS group demonstrated a significant increase in the collagen deposition and quantity of fibrotic foci. While treatment is done with bee venom phospholipase A2 significantly suppressed collagen deposition.
To find if bee venom phospholipase A2 influences the infiltration of immune cells into the lungs affected with inflammation through radiation or not, BAL fluid mice went through a systematic evaluation right after three weeks of getting treated with 75Gy of x-rays. It was observed that there was a significant rise in the population of total cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in the IR+PBS group when compared with the control group. It was also found that the bee venom phospholipase A2 treated group showed a significant decrease in the number of immune cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in the BAL fluid mice when compared with IR+PBS group.
The gene expression profile in the affected lung was considered through real-time PCR. It was found that the expression of fibrosis-related (Col3a1 and Fn1), chemokine- (Mip1a, Mcp1, and CCL4), cytokine- (Il-6 and Il-17c) and inflammasome- (Nlrp1, Nlrp3, Il-1b, and Casp1) genes increased in IR+PBS group. While the treatment is done with bee venom phospholipase A2 greatly reduced fibrosis, cytokine, inflammasome and chemokine related genes in the lung tissue when compared with the IR+PBS group. IHC staining was also conducted for the TGF-β1 because it plays an essential role in developing radiation fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis. Histological results showed that TGF-β1 positive area, of x-ray exposed lung, was impressively decreased by the bee venom phospholipase A2 therapy.
Bee Venom Stimulation of a Lung Meridian Acupoint Reduces Inflammation in carrageenan-induced Pleurisy...
For conducting this experiment, male balb/c mice that weighed between 23grams to 25grams were purchased from the HanLim Experimental Animal located in Korea. All of the model mice were put under special controlled conditions. They were subjected to a 12 hour light and dark cycle, a standard temperature of 25-degree centigrade and nearly 50% humidity. It was also made sure that mice were provided with sufficient food and water.
Before conducting the clinical examination, all of the model mice were left in this environment for a week so that they could become familiar with their surroundings. All of the methods and experimental procedures were approved and reviewed by the Seoul National University Animal Care and Use Committee that follows the guidelines provided by the National Institute of Health. It was made sure that the entire setup was in agreement with the ethical guidelines meant for investigation of the experimental pain in animals. All of the mice were randomly assigned to different experimental groups and given drug treatments.
Respiratory inflammation is one of the most common and fatal diseases. This study was specially designed to recommend an exact acupoint for honeybee venom treatment. Experimental pleurisy was given through an injection of carrageenan into left pleural space in the mouse. dBV was administered into LU-5, a special lung meridian acupoint or an arbitrary non-acupoint near the midline of the back of the mouse. The inflammatory response was evaluated by determining inflammatory indicators in the pleural exudate. It was noticed that the dBV injection administered into LU-5 acupoint impressively decreased carrageenan-induced intensification of myeloperoxidase, leukocyte accumulation, and exudate volume activity.
It was also noticed that dBV treatment efficiently prevented the manifestation of interleukin-1 beta. On the other hand, it didn't control the tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pleural exudate. dBV therapy at the nonacupoint didn’t show any sort of inflammatory response in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. According to these results, it can be stated that dBV stimulation if performed in LU-5 acupoint can lead to satisfactory anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced pleurisy.
To study the potential effects of dBV in carrageenan-induced pleurisy, a comprehensive examination of the volume of the pleural exudate from carrageenan injected animals was carried out. Carrageenan injections were administered into the pleural cavity that prompted an anti-inflammatory response that was characterized by the accumulation of fluid. Carrageenan mice that were given 0.8mg/kg dBV at LU-5 acupoint demonstrated a significant decrease in the exudate volume when compared with that of the treated carrageenan mice. Treatment of 0.8mg/kg dBV at LU-5 nonacupoint did not show any sort of changes when compared to the treated carrageenan mouse.
In the next phase of this experiment leukocyte cells, which are the best indicators of inflammation, were evaluated in pleural exudate. It was noticed that the carrageenan injected mice depicted a rise in the leukocytes in pleural exudate. Mice that underwent 0.8mg/kg treatment of dBV at the LU-5 acupoint showed an anti-inflammatory effect, as the leukocyte cells were reduced significantly in comparison with the treated carrageenan mice.
The results of this clinical study indicate that dBV treatment in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model promotes anti-inflammatory effects. In the same manner stimulation of LU-5 acupoint through dBV suppressed accumulation of the pleural exudate and migration of leukocytes in the pleural cavity and creation of IL-1β and an increase in MPO activity. All of these developments show that dBV is the right option for dealing with any sort of respiratory inflammatory diseases.
How to differentiate between pneumonia and bronchitis?
It can get difficult sometimes, to accurately diagnose a patient's condition when it comes to lung and respiratory tract inflammation. By the symptoms observed, it cannot be said that a person is suffering from pneumonia or acute bronchitis.
To make a solid diagnosis, a CRP analysis is recommended. The C - reactive protein is a blood test that helps detect any sort of inflammation in the body. A blood sample is obtained to examine CRP that is produced by the liver. CRP is known as an active reactant and its level will rise by the inflammation. A high level of CRP will indicate some sort of serious infection.
Regulatory T Cells Contribute to the Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation via Bee Venom Phospholipase...
BV (bee venom) has been used since long to treat different inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. According to the clinical examination done earlier, it was established that bee venom phospholipase A2 possesses anti-inflammatory effects through the induction of T cells.
Commonly, radiotherapy is prescribed to patients of cancer, but it often leads to side effects like inflammation. In this clinical study, the main focus was to determine, the defensive effects of bee venom phospholipase A2 in the radiation-induced lung inflammation. For this experiment, the model mice were prepared by exposing their lungs to 75 Gy of x-rays and then later given bee venom phospholipase A2, 6 times after the radiation therapy.
To determine the extent of inflammation, histological changes, mRNA level of inflammatory cytokine and the count of immune cells in the lungs were measured. It was found that bee venom phospholipase A2 helped in controlling the growth of immune cells like eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Not only this, but bvPLA2 (bee venom phospholipase A2) also decreased the inflammasome, fibrosis, cytokine, and chemokine related genes of mRNA expression. According to the histological result, the weakening effect of bee venom phospholipase A2 was noticed on the radiation-induced lungs.
T cell depletion eradicated any sort of therapeutic effects of bee venom phospholipase A2, on the radiation-induced pneumonitis relating to the anti-inflammatory effect of bee venom phospholipase A2 to be dependent on the regulatory T cells. It can be concluded from these findings that bee venom phospholipase A2 carries therapeutic potential in the fibrosis and pneumonitis treatments.
Apitoxin, also known as bee venom, has been used in different doses and combinations to control symptoms of inflammation. It is one of the best alternative medicines for dealing with neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer, as it carries a strong immune-modulatory effect.
The therapeutic effect of BV is linked with its anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activity. BV contains apamin, adolapin, melittin, cell degranulating peptide, and bvPLA2. Bee venom phospholipase A2 is considered to be the main allergenic compound of BV. Fresh clinical studies have revealed that bee venom phospholipase bears a protective immune response to different inflammatory disorders and diseases.
Radiotherapy consists of a high energy radiation treatment, which is most commonly used to kill cells that are responsible for cancer. In some cases, radiotherapy is given before surgery so that the tumor can shrink and make it easier for the surgeon to remove it. While radiotherapy is also given post-surgery in some cases so that any residual particles of the tumor can be destroyed completely.
SBRT (stereotactic body radiotherapy) is one of the best types of radiation therapy that has a greater accuracy when compared with the conventional forms of radiotherapy. Various SBRT studies in the case of lung cancer have shown excellent results. But still, regardless of the type of radiotherapy, radiation treatment has some adverse effects on the tissues that are located near to the tumor. All those patients, who go through radiotherapy, face late pulmonary fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis at some stage.
In the study, conducted earlier, it was established that late pulmonary fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis may include an innate immune response and inflammasome due to tissue injury and inflammation. The innate immune mechanism detects tissue damage and then translates information to the defense and repair system of the body. As a result, the process of angiogenesis and wound repair is stimulated along with the activation of adaptive immunity. Signaling of the inflammasome is followed by the IL-1β secretion and processing in the dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages.
All of these events are linked with the concomitant radiation-induced fibrosis and pneumonitis. For this clinical study, an SBRT treated model mice were selected to have a better understanding of the therapeutic effects of bee venom phospholipase A2, on radiation pneumonitis. Freshly conducted examination showed that bee venom phospholipase A2 carries a strong ability to enhance the overall population of Tregs. Also known as the regulatory T cells, they are potent modulatory cells that maintain a specific level of tolerance towards autoantigens. Tregs are also known to be the main immune suppressors that prevent any sort of unwanted immune response.
Bee venom phospholipase A2 induced T cells and generated the immunosuppressive effect through them and directly treated the lungs. According to the results derived, a hypothesis was established that bee venom phospholipase A2 might possess the ability to lessen the effects of radiation-induced pneumonitis when facilitated by T cell induction. But in this study, strong evidence has been brought forward that bee venom phospholipase A2, actually has potential therapeutic effects that can suppress inflammation in the lungs caused due to radiation.
To determine the effect of bee venom phospholipase A2, on radiation-induced lung, a single dose of the 75Gy of x-rays was given to the left lung through a single fraction. All the lung sections that were stained with H and E showed that focal irradiation helped induce the formation of inflammatory cell infiltration and an intra-alveolar hyaline membrane.
Intra-alveolar inflammatory mark of the IR+PBS group was noted to be higher than that of the control group. And on the other hand, the IR+PLA2 group indicated less damage to the tissues, which can be understood due to the formation of inflammatory cell infiltration and intra-alveolar hyaline membrane. According to Masson’s trichrome staining, it was established that the IR+PBS group demonstrated a significant increase in the collagen deposition and quantity of fibrotic foci. While treatment is done with bee venom phospholipase A2 significantly suppressed collagen deposition.
To find if bee venom phospholipase A2 influences the infiltration of immune cells into the lungs affected with inflammation through radiation or not, BAL fluid mice went through a systematic evaluation right after three weeks of getting treated with 75Gy of x-rays. It was observed that there was a significant rise in the population of total cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in the IR+PBS group when compared with the control group. It was also found that the bee venom phospholipase A2 treated group showed a significant decrease in the number of immune cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in the BAL fluid mice when compared with IR+PBS group.
The gene expression profile in the affected lung was considered through real-time PCR. It was found that the expression of fibrosis-related (Col3a1 and Fn1), chemokine- (Mip1a, Mcp1, and CCL4), cytokine- (Il-6 and Il-17c) and inflammasome- (Nlrp1, Nlrp3, Il-1b, and Casp1) genes increased in IR+PBS group. While the treatment is done with bee venom phospholipase A2 greatly reduced fibrosis, cytokine, inflammasome and chemokine related genes in the lung tissue when compared with the IR+PBS group. IHC staining was also conducted for the TGF-β1 because it plays an essential role in developing radiation fibrosis and radiation pneumonitis. Histological results showed that TGF-β1 positive area, of x-ray exposed lung, was impressively decreased by the bee venom phospholipase A2 therapy.
Bee Venom Stimulation of a Lung Meridian Acupoint Reduces Inflammation in carrageenan-induced Pleurisy...
For conducting this experiment, male balb/c mice that weighed between 23grams to 25grams were purchased from the HanLim Experimental Animal located in Korea. All of the model mice were put under special controlled conditions. They were subjected to a 12 hour light and dark cycle, a standard temperature of 25-degree centigrade and nearly 50% humidity. It was also made sure that mice were provided with sufficient food and water.
Before conducting the clinical examination, all of the model mice were left in this environment for a week so that they could become familiar with their surroundings. All of the methods and experimental procedures were approved and reviewed by the Seoul National University Animal Care and Use Committee that follows the guidelines provided by the National Institute of Health. It was made sure that the entire setup was in agreement with the ethical guidelines meant for investigation of the experimental pain in animals. All of the mice were randomly assigned to different experimental groups and given drug treatments.
Respiratory inflammation is one of the most common and fatal diseases. This study was specially designed to recommend an exact acupoint for honeybee venom treatment. Experimental pleurisy was given through an injection of carrageenan into left pleural space in the mouse. dBV was administered into LU-5, a special lung meridian acupoint or an arbitrary non-acupoint near the midline of the back of the mouse. The inflammatory response was evaluated by determining inflammatory indicators in the pleural exudate. It was noticed that the dBV injection administered into LU-5 acupoint impressively decreased carrageenan-induced intensification of myeloperoxidase, leukocyte accumulation, and exudate volume activity.
It was also noticed that dBV treatment efficiently prevented the manifestation of interleukin-1 beta. On the other hand, it didn't control the tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pleural exudate. dBV therapy at the nonacupoint didn’t show any sort of inflammatory response in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. According to these results, it can be stated that dBV stimulation if performed in LU-5 acupoint can lead to satisfactory anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced pleurisy.
To study the potential effects of dBV in carrageenan-induced pleurisy, a comprehensive examination of the volume of the pleural exudate from carrageenan injected animals was carried out. Carrageenan injections were administered into the pleural cavity that prompted an anti-inflammatory response that was characterized by the accumulation of fluid. Carrageenan mice that were given 0.8mg/kg dBV at LU-5 acupoint demonstrated a significant decrease in the exudate volume when compared with that of the treated carrageenan mice. Treatment of 0.8mg/kg dBV at LU-5 nonacupoint did not show any sort of changes when compared to the treated carrageenan mouse.
In the next phase of this experiment leukocyte cells, which are the best indicators of inflammation, were evaluated in pleural exudate. It was noticed that the carrageenan injected mice depicted a rise in the leukocytes in pleural exudate. Mice that underwent 0.8mg/kg treatment of dBV at the LU-5 acupoint showed an anti-inflammatory effect, as the leukocyte cells were reduced significantly in comparison with the treated carrageenan mice.
The results of this clinical study indicate that dBV treatment in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model promotes anti-inflammatory effects. In the same manner stimulation of LU-5 acupoint through dBV suppressed accumulation of the pleural exudate and migration of leukocytes in the pleural cavity and creation of IL-1β and an increase in MPO activity. All of these developments show that dBV is the right option for dealing with any sort of respiratory inflammatory diseases.
Source:
Regulatory T Cells Contribute to the Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation via Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 in Mice
Bee venom stimulation of a lung meridian acupoint reduces inflammation in carrageenan-induced pleurisy: an alternative therapeutic approach for respiratory inflammation
Regulatory T Cells Contribute to the Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation via Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 in Mice
Bee venom stimulation of a lung meridian acupoint reduces inflammation in carrageenan-induced pleurisy: an alternative therapeutic approach for respiratory inflammation
