BEE VENOM - TO KILL RESISTENT BACTERIA
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A bacterium consists of a single cell. A cell is defined as the biological and functional unit of a living being. It is also known as the building block of life. Cells are structured in a specific manner to help our body grow, repair and function properly.
We humans are made up of millions of cells, but a bacteria only consists of one single cell. It is also a much simpler kind of cell than those found in our bodies that do not have eg. a core. |
Bacteria are very small, 0.01 - 0.001 mm long. You have to have a good microscope if you can see them at all. Bacteria multiply by dividing. Some manage to divide about every 20 minutes. This means that in one hour a bacterium has become 8, in two hours 64. Within two days these bacteria would be so many that they would fill the entire globe's volume! Now, thank goodness never happens that the bacteria can become so many because they must have food and heat and other things to be able to divide and the more they become, the less food it becomes and the division stops. Bacteria are neither plants nor animals but belong to their own group called "Prokaryotes".
Bee Venom (Apis Mellifera) an Effective Potential Alternative to Gentamicin for Specific Bacteria Strains: Effective Potential...
Bee venom is loaded with various useful elements. Mellitine is one of those major components that are known to be an active gram-positive if compared with gram-negative bacteria. Bee venom is well known for its therapeutic effects that don't even carry any sort of side effects. It has been found, through different clinical studies, that BV helps deliver multiple effects like anti-inflammatory, antivirus and antibacterial effects in different types of cells. Talking about wasp venom clinical trials, it has been found that it also possesses useful antibacterial properties.
The main purpose of this clinical study was to determine the level of antibacterial activity of bee venom, against the chosen gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains of medical significance. To be more specific, this examination was conducted carefully to determine the antibacterial properties of bee venom against six grams of negative and gram-positive bacteria that included Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, salmonella Typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus.
Bee venom in its crude form was used with three concentrations of the same volume along with gentamicin (a standard antibiotic) disks acting as the positive controls. The test was carried out using a disc fusion method. By the results found, it was observed that bee venom can deliver positive antibacterial effect against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. But it was also observed that bee venom doesn’t have any antibacterial effects on the remaining types of bacteria.
The results further indicate that bee venom prevents the survival and growth of the bacterial strains. Bee venom can also be used in the form of a paired antimicrobial instrument against pathogenic bacteria. However, bee venom also lacks a few effective proteins that are necessary to stop antibacterial activity in some of the specific strains.
It can be concluded that bee venom has a special mechanism that permits it to deliver antibacterial effects on some specific susceptible bacteria. Further clinical studies are required to understand the molecular structure of bee venom that generates this antibacterial mechanism.
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus...
MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) has emerged as one of the most prominent clinical and social problems. It's not only MRSA alone, as several other types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria require attendance. Various clinical studies have been carried out in the past to stop such type of bacteria from dividing or growing rapidly. As there is a great population that suffers from different harmful types of bacteria hence, there is an urgent requirement to create a natural bioactive compound that will help kill dangerous bacteria.
The naturally bioactive compound will work as an alternative to those antibiotics that are somewhat effective. In this clinical study, bee venom was assessed for it's in vitro activities, alone and in combination with vancomycin, gentamicin, penicillin, and ampicillin on the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrobial activity of bee venom against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains was evaluated with the help of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentrations), MBC (minimum bactericidal concentrations and time-kill assay.
Atl expression that encodes murein hydrolase, which is peptidoglycan- degrading enzyme also involved in the process of cell split-up, was calculated through a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. MICs of bee venom were kept at 0.11 µg/mL and 0.085 µg/mL against the MRSA CCARM 3708 and MRSA CCARM 3366, respectively. While MBC of bee venom against MRSA 3708 was 0.14 µg/mL and MBC of bee venom against MRSA 3366 was 0.106 µg/mL. It was observed that the bactericidal activity of bee venom registered a decrease of at least 3 log CFU/g cells. When bee venom was tested in combination with penicillin or ampicillin it yielded an inhibitory concentration index that had a range in-between 0.631 to 1.002.
This described an indifferent and a partial synergistic effect. When compared to penicillin or ampicillin, both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were more vulnerable to the combination of bee venom with vancomycin or gentamicin. Further analysis of the clinical study showed that general expression of the atl gene was significantly increased in the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 3366 treated with bee venom. According to these results, it can be suggested that bee venom showed antibiotic enhancing effects and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. Atl gene did also increase in the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus exposed to bee venom. It clearly shows that the division of bacteria cells was halted. Bee venom therapy still requires alternate clinical and laboratory investigation and experimentation to establish it, as a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent.
Macropis Fulvipes Venom Component Macropin Exerts Its Antibacterial And Anti-Biofilm Properties By Damaging... (.pdf)
It is an alarming fact that the general abuse of antibiotics, for different bacterial disease treatments, has led to harmful effects for a patient. With consistent use of strong antibiotics, a patient develops resistant bacteria for multidrug. As a result, antibiotics become ineffective for removing harmful bacteria from the body.
Currently, antimicrobial peptides are being considered to treat diseases instead of using conventional antibiotics. The antimicrobial peptides are found in different living organisms and they are becoming an ideal option, due to low cytotoxicity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial mechanism.
Bee venom has been used since long to control symptoms of various ailments. Several clinical studies are underway to assess the vast-ranging therapeutic effects of bee venom. Macropin is one of the integral components of bee venom and it exhibits antimicrobial activity against the negative and gram-positive bacteria.
In this study, the anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of Macropin were synthesized against bacterial strains that included drug-resistant, negative and gram-positive bacteria. Macropin doesn’t exhibit cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity to keratinocytes. On the other hand, Melittin showed a high level of toxicity under positive control.
According to the circular dichroism assays, it was noted that Macropin possesses an alpha-helical in the membrane mimic environments. What happens is that Macropin binds itself to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. After developing this bond it kills harmful bacteria effectively by disturbing their membranes. From the fractional inhibitory concentration index, it was learned that Macropin holds partially and additive synergistic effects along with conventional antibiotics against the drug-resistant harmful bacteria. Hence, the clinical study carried out suggests that Macropin can serve as a potential antimicrobial agent to get rid of drug-resistant and infectious bacteria.
The discovery of penicillin helped pave way for the development of different antibiotics. These antibiotics are used to deal with a bacterium that leads to infectious diseases. What antibiotics do is that they kill the harmful bacteria by preventing DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. While using any sort of antibiotic for clinical reasons, it is recommended to pay consideration towards its characteristics like the mechanism of action and its microbial range.
As said earlier, inconsiderate use of antibiotics has eventually strengthened bacteria and made it highly resistant to even the strongest of antibiotics. It has also been noticed that the frequency of impervious bacterial strains has considerably increased. There are also superbugs – a superior type of harmful bacteria – that have a high resistance to the most effective antibiotics, thus they seriously affect health.
Due to this resistance, it became inevitable to develop effective drugs that do not have any sort of side effects. Bee venom is one of those naturally occurring treatments that comprise several essential therapeutic agents. It has been found that bee venom can help treat drug-resistant bacteria. They are known as AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) and are the possible alternatives to different conventional antibiotics. Clinical studies have revealed that antimicrobial peptides hold a high range of antimicrobial activity against harmful bacteria that also consists of various drug-resistant bacteria.
In this clinical study, Macropin was examined for its antimicrobial properties against the drug-resistant, positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its hemolysis and cytotoxicity activities were also compared with the same traits of Melittin. Talking about melittin, it is one of the most prominent antimicrobial peptides found in bee venom and is known for its high level of cytotoxicity.
Macropin’s mechanism was determined by, 3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3 (5)] assay and n-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) uptake measurement. SEM technique (low vacuum scanning electron microscopy) was adopted to note down the pattern of membrane destruction. Besides, the combined effect of Macropin along with the traditional antibiotics was examined by flow cytometry and combination assay. Results indicated clearly that Macropin can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent.
The antimicrobial mechanism of Macropin against the negative and gram-positive bacteria showed a concentration range of 25µM to 3.13µM. Furthermore, nine more antibodies along with macropin were examined for their antimicrobial traits against the drug-resistant harmful bacteria. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin demonstrated activity against the resistant staphylococcus aureus strains, between the ranges of 2 to 32µM. In the case of other antibiotics, it was noted that there was no activity even up to 128µM. Now coming towards the drug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, gentamicin and tobramycin depicted antimicrobial activity at the concentrations of 64 µM and 32 µM. when compared with other antibiotics, Macropin is a much stronger naturally occurring antimicrobial agent that works effectively against different antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
To inspect cytotoxicity of Macropin, it was tested on macrophages and keratinocytes with an MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Macropin produced cell survival rates of 41% and 82% in Raw cells and HaCaT, respectively – concentration was maintained at 25 µM. on the other hand, melittin showed nearly 100% toxicity at 12.5 µM in both of the cell lines, under negative control.
The hemolysis percentage of Macropin was nearly 5% at 25 µM. Hemolysis was carried out in an 8% suspension of RBCs (red blood cells) to determine its toxicity to the mammalian cells. Melittin was used as a negative control, due to its membrane damaging behavior of the red blood cells. Melittin showed 93% hemolytic activity at 25 µM. Thus, Macropin demonstrated low toxicity and antimicrobial activity.
Combination therapy is one of the most reliable methods for treating different diseases due to its low cost and a high level of effectiveness. It has been noticed that a combination of antibiotics and AMPs can lend a far superior bactericidal effect than any antibiotic or AMP alone. Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, which were used in this study, are resistant to the antibiotics. But when macropin was also added to the regime of antibiotics it helped in countering the growth of bacteria.
The combination therapy verified antibacterial activity at a low dose of antibiotics or peptide when compared with antibiotics or peptides alone. According to FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) index, additive effects and partial synergy were noticed. Staphylococcus aureus strains, when cured with Macropin along with oxacillin or piperacillin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and gentamycin, showed an additive effect on the FIC index.
It can be said that the combination of oxacillin and macropin showed only partial synergy against the staphylococcus aureus. When the pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were cured with Macropin along with antibiotics, a high level of additive effect was observed.
Bee venom is loaded with various useful elements. Mellitine is one of those major components that are known to be an active gram-positive if compared with gram-negative bacteria. Bee venom is well known for its therapeutic effects that don't even carry any sort of side effects. It has been found, through different clinical studies, that BV helps deliver multiple effects like anti-inflammatory, antivirus and antibacterial effects in different types of cells. Talking about wasp venom clinical trials, it has been found that it also possesses useful antibacterial properties.
The main purpose of this clinical study was to determine the level of antibacterial activity of bee venom, against the chosen gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains of medical significance. To be more specific, this examination was conducted carefully to determine the antibacterial properties of bee venom against six grams of negative and gram-positive bacteria that included Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, salmonella Typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus.
Bee venom in its crude form was used with three concentrations of the same volume along with gentamicin (a standard antibiotic) disks acting as the positive controls. The test was carried out using a disc fusion method. By the results found, it was observed that bee venom can deliver positive antibacterial effect against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. But it was also observed that bee venom doesn’t have any antibacterial effects on the remaining types of bacteria.
The results further indicate that bee venom prevents the survival and growth of the bacterial strains. Bee venom can also be used in the form of a paired antimicrobial instrument against pathogenic bacteria. However, bee venom also lacks a few effective proteins that are necessary to stop antibacterial activity in some of the specific strains.
It can be concluded that bee venom has a special mechanism that permits it to deliver antibacterial effects on some specific susceptible bacteria. Further clinical studies are required to understand the molecular structure of bee venom that generates this antibacterial mechanism.
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus...
MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) has emerged as one of the most prominent clinical and social problems. It's not only MRSA alone, as several other types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria require attendance. Various clinical studies have been carried out in the past to stop such type of bacteria from dividing or growing rapidly. As there is a great population that suffers from different harmful types of bacteria hence, there is an urgent requirement to create a natural bioactive compound that will help kill dangerous bacteria.
The naturally bioactive compound will work as an alternative to those antibiotics that are somewhat effective. In this clinical study, bee venom was assessed for it's in vitro activities, alone and in combination with vancomycin, gentamicin, penicillin, and ampicillin on the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrobial activity of bee venom against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains was evaluated with the help of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentrations), MBC (minimum bactericidal concentrations and time-kill assay.
Atl expression that encodes murein hydrolase, which is peptidoglycan- degrading enzyme also involved in the process of cell split-up, was calculated through a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. MICs of bee venom were kept at 0.11 µg/mL and 0.085 µg/mL against the MRSA CCARM 3708 and MRSA CCARM 3366, respectively. While MBC of bee venom against MRSA 3708 was 0.14 µg/mL and MBC of bee venom against MRSA 3366 was 0.106 µg/mL. It was observed that the bactericidal activity of bee venom registered a decrease of at least 3 log CFU/g cells. When bee venom was tested in combination with penicillin or ampicillin it yielded an inhibitory concentration index that had a range in-between 0.631 to 1.002.
This described an indifferent and a partial synergistic effect. When compared to penicillin or ampicillin, both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were more vulnerable to the combination of bee venom with vancomycin or gentamicin. Further analysis of the clinical study showed that general expression of the atl gene was significantly increased in the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 3366 treated with bee venom. According to these results, it can be suggested that bee venom showed antibiotic enhancing effects and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. Atl gene did also increase in the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus exposed to bee venom. It clearly shows that the division of bacteria cells was halted. Bee venom therapy still requires alternate clinical and laboratory investigation and experimentation to establish it, as a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent.
Macropis Fulvipes Venom Component Macropin Exerts Its Antibacterial And Anti-Biofilm Properties By Damaging... (.pdf)
It is an alarming fact that the general abuse of antibiotics, for different bacterial disease treatments, has led to harmful effects for a patient. With consistent use of strong antibiotics, a patient develops resistant bacteria for multidrug. As a result, antibiotics become ineffective for removing harmful bacteria from the body.
Currently, antimicrobial peptides are being considered to treat diseases instead of using conventional antibiotics. The antimicrobial peptides are found in different living organisms and they are becoming an ideal option, due to low cytotoxicity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial mechanism.
Bee venom has been used since long to control symptoms of various ailments. Several clinical studies are underway to assess the vast-ranging therapeutic effects of bee venom. Macropin is one of the integral components of bee venom and it exhibits antimicrobial activity against the negative and gram-positive bacteria.
In this study, the anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of Macropin were synthesized against bacterial strains that included drug-resistant, negative and gram-positive bacteria. Macropin doesn’t exhibit cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity to keratinocytes. On the other hand, Melittin showed a high level of toxicity under positive control.
According to the circular dichroism assays, it was noted that Macropin possesses an alpha-helical in the membrane mimic environments. What happens is that Macropin binds itself to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. After developing this bond it kills harmful bacteria effectively by disturbing their membranes. From the fractional inhibitory concentration index, it was learned that Macropin holds partially and additive synergistic effects along with conventional antibiotics against the drug-resistant harmful bacteria. Hence, the clinical study carried out suggests that Macropin can serve as a potential antimicrobial agent to get rid of drug-resistant and infectious bacteria.
The discovery of penicillin helped pave way for the development of different antibiotics. These antibiotics are used to deal with a bacterium that leads to infectious diseases. What antibiotics do is that they kill the harmful bacteria by preventing DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. While using any sort of antibiotic for clinical reasons, it is recommended to pay consideration towards its characteristics like the mechanism of action and its microbial range.
As said earlier, inconsiderate use of antibiotics has eventually strengthened bacteria and made it highly resistant to even the strongest of antibiotics. It has also been noticed that the frequency of impervious bacterial strains has considerably increased. There are also superbugs – a superior type of harmful bacteria – that have a high resistance to the most effective antibiotics, thus they seriously affect health.
Due to this resistance, it became inevitable to develop effective drugs that do not have any sort of side effects. Bee venom is one of those naturally occurring treatments that comprise several essential therapeutic agents. It has been found that bee venom can help treat drug-resistant bacteria. They are known as AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) and are the possible alternatives to different conventional antibiotics. Clinical studies have revealed that antimicrobial peptides hold a high range of antimicrobial activity against harmful bacteria that also consists of various drug-resistant bacteria.
In this clinical study, Macropin was examined for its antimicrobial properties against the drug-resistant, positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its hemolysis and cytotoxicity activities were also compared with the same traits of Melittin. Talking about melittin, it is one of the most prominent antimicrobial peptides found in bee venom and is known for its high level of cytotoxicity.
Macropin’s mechanism was determined by, 3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3 (5)] assay and n-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) uptake measurement. SEM technique (low vacuum scanning electron microscopy) was adopted to note down the pattern of membrane destruction. Besides, the combined effect of Macropin along with the traditional antibiotics was examined by flow cytometry and combination assay. Results indicated clearly that Macropin can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent.
The antimicrobial mechanism of Macropin against the negative and gram-positive bacteria showed a concentration range of 25µM to 3.13µM. Furthermore, nine more antibodies along with macropin were examined for their antimicrobial traits against the drug-resistant harmful bacteria. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin demonstrated activity against the resistant staphylococcus aureus strains, between the ranges of 2 to 32µM. In the case of other antibiotics, it was noted that there was no activity even up to 128µM. Now coming towards the drug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, gentamicin and tobramycin depicted antimicrobial activity at the concentrations of 64 µM and 32 µM. when compared with other antibiotics, Macropin is a much stronger naturally occurring antimicrobial agent that works effectively against different antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
To inspect cytotoxicity of Macropin, it was tested on macrophages and keratinocytes with an MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Macropin produced cell survival rates of 41% and 82% in Raw cells and HaCaT, respectively – concentration was maintained at 25 µM. on the other hand, melittin showed nearly 100% toxicity at 12.5 µM in both of the cell lines, under negative control.
The hemolysis percentage of Macropin was nearly 5% at 25 µM. Hemolysis was carried out in an 8% suspension of RBCs (red blood cells) to determine its toxicity to the mammalian cells. Melittin was used as a negative control, due to its membrane damaging behavior of the red blood cells. Melittin showed 93% hemolytic activity at 25 µM. Thus, Macropin demonstrated low toxicity and antimicrobial activity.
Combination therapy is one of the most reliable methods for treating different diseases due to its low cost and a high level of effectiveness. It has been noticed that a combination of antibiotics and AMPs can lend a far superior bactericidal effect than any antibiotic or AMP alone. Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, which were used in this study, are resistant to the antibiotics. But when macropin was also added to the regime of antibiotics it helped in countering the growth of bacteria.
The combination therapy verified antibacterial activity at a low dose of antibiotics or peptide when compared with antibiotics or peptides alone. According to FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) index, additive effects and partial synergy were noticed. Staphylococcus aureus strains, when cured with Macropin along with oxacillin or piperacillin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and gentamycin, showed an additive effect on the FIC index.
It can be said that the combination of oxacillin and macropin showed only partial synergy against the staphylococcus aureus. When the pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were cured with Macropin along with antibiotics, a high level of additive effect was observed.
Sources:
Bee Venom (Apis Mellifera) an Effective Potential Alternative to Gentamicin for Specific Bacteria Strains: Effective Potential...
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Macropis fulvipes Venom component Macropin Exerts its Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Properties by Damaging the Plasma...
Bee Venom (Apis Mellifera) an Effective Potential Alternative to Gentamicin for Specific Bacteria Strains: Effective Potential...
Antibacterial Activity and Antibiotic-Enhancing Effects of Honeybee Venom against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Macropis fulvipes Venom component Macropin Exerts its Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Properties by Damaging the Plasma...
