NEUROPATHIC & NEUROLOGIC PAIN​
What is neuropathic pain?
Neuropathic pain is caused due to any injury or disease that directly affects the somatosensory nervous system. It is a type of nerve pain and it is believed that nearly 7% of the total population suffers from different forms of neuropathic pain issues. Symptoms of neuropathic pain vary from one person to another – depending on the damage done to the nerve structure. In the beginning, a person feels an unpleasant pain, stinging, dullness, burning and swelling in the affected part of the body. In some subjects, a non-painful par-aesthesia might also occur. It is also known as projected pain, as it occurs on peripheral nerve innervation, and has no link with the area where nerves have been damaged directly. Disturbances related to proper fiber functioning are also observed. In the due course, skin becomes highly sensitive to touch, cold, heat and pain. |
When a person with this condition is touched, common pain is suddenly triggered and this condition is known as tactile allodynia. CRPS II (complex regional pain syndrome) is a type of neuropathic pain that begins due to nerve damage. In such cases, the pain spreads over a vast area of the body beyond the location of nerve damage.
Treatment
Most of the conventional drugs, meant for treating neuropathic pains, are not that efficient. They also have adverse reactions, a low tolerance level and can affect the quality of life. That is why researchers are looking at bee venom as it's know for it's both anti-inflammatory effect and pain relieving properties.
Two Types of Neuropathic Pain
There are two different types of neuropathic pains: central neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathic pain. Central neuropathic pain arises due to any sort of disorder or damage received by the spinal cord or brain. And peripheral neuropathic pain is caused due to disturbance or injury faced by any other part of the sensory nervous system.
According to different epidemiological studies, it has been concluded that subjects of neuropathic pain do not get the right treatment. The main reason is that the diagnostic done is poor and hence the treatment prescribed is ineffective. So that tells there is insufficient knowledge available that could help patients to recover from symptoms of neuropathic pain.
Patients suffering from cancer, back pain, and diabetes have symptoms of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain leads to different complications if not treated on time. There is a need for developing better diagnostic procedures and then prescribing a proper treatment to the patients of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain can further lead to impaired physical functions, disturbed sleep, and depression. It is also very difficult for the other family members to manage the patient due to financial and medical issues.
Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture: An Effective Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
There is no proper medical therapy available for treating CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome). In this clinical study a patient, having complex regional pain syndrome, 29 years old was chosen, who had developed the symptoms after going through a surgical treatment on the 4th and 5th toe. The patient had received diverse pain treatment but his symptoms could not be controlled. Upon visiting the Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of the Daejeon University his case was evaluated for a thorough investigation. The case was finalized to examine the effects of BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) in subjects of CRPS.
BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) 0.15 to 0.4 mL, was administered at the GB43. Treatment was continued for 1 week and the dose was given twice a day. Symptoms of CRPS were examined with the help of a controlled dosage of BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) and NRS (numeric rating scale).
During the first visit of the patient, it was found that he was subjected to a tricyclic antidepressant, an analgesic, and an anticonvulsant. According to the numeric rating scale, it was recorded that the patient faced the worst pain in the toes, as it had a count of 8. In the same manner, severe pain was observed when the patient’s 4th and 5th toe were touched. It meant that the patient had severe hypersensitivity to touch – a common symptom of neuropathic pain. Apart from these issues the patient also complained of depression, rash, and dyspepsia.
Later, When the NRS and BVP treatment was completed, the numeric rating scale recorded no sort of pain in the toes, as it had a count of 0. It meant that there was no need to take the pain killers anymore.
A follow up was recommended after 4 months. It was examined that he did not face any sort of pain symptoms or adverse effects of bee venom pharmacopuncture.
According to the results of this experiment, it can be said that BVP is a useful therapy for treating subjects of CRPS. However, further research is required to support this evidence.
Neuroprotective Effects of Melittin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells
It has been found that certain free radicals lead to the death of neuronal cells in different neurodegenerative diseases. Honeybee venom is one of the safest options for treating different inflammatory diseases and it has been used since long with other medicines too. It is interesting to note that bee venom is not a new invention. It has been used by ancient people too, to treat different ailments.
Now bee venom is being used to treat chronic illnesses like neurological disorders. The reason is that BV is loaded with natural healing elements that do not have any sort of side effects. Melittin is one of the main constituents of bee venom and it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and biological effects.
The neuroprotective effect of melittin was examined against the H202 induced apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The investigation was carried out through a 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, caspase-3 activity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots.
It was observed that H202 treated cells decreased apoptotic features and cell viability and enhanced generation of caspase-3. Melittin treatment suppressed apoptotic DNA fragmentation and strengthened cell viability. Melittin also weakened H202, persuaded a decrease in the protein production and mRNA of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Furthermore, it was observed that melittin prevented both the protein expression and H202 induced mRNA of Bax linked caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic factors.
This clinical study suggests that melittin possesses extremely efficient therapeutic effects and can be used to prevent and control symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.
Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain...
As mentioned earlier, neuropathic pain has different manifestations – cold allodynia is one of them. It is a distinct feature of this chronic pain and the present clinical study revolves around it. With the help of this study, it was determined if single or repetitive treatments of DBV (diluted bee venom) can help reduce cold allodynia in the sciatic nerve CCI (chronic constriction injury) rats. And also it was analyzed if this effect was mediated by the spinal adrenergic receptors or not.
A single injection of diluted bee venom 2.5mg/kg was administered at the Zusanli acupoint nearly 2 weeks after CCI. Repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom at 0.25mg/kg was given for 14 days right after 15 days of CCI treatment. It was noticed that a single dose of diluted bee venom at a low dose of 0.25mg/kg did not generate an anti-cold allodynic effect. But on the other hand, a high dose of diluted bee venom at 2.5mg/kg impressively reduced cold allodynia.
Furthermore, as a result of this high dose of diluted bee venom, its effect was ultimately blocked by the intrathecal pretreatment of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (idazoxan), but not α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (prazosin) or non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol).
Besides, the joint administration of a low dose of diluted bee venom at 0.25mg/kg and α2-adrenoceptor agonist (clonidine) helped in reducing cold allodynia. While repetitive treatment carried out at a low dose of diluted bee venom showed no motor deficit that significantly inhibited cold allodynia beginning right from 7 days after the diluted bee venom treatment.
It was observed that this effect was appreciated by the intrathecal idazoxan injection. According to these findings, it can be said that a single or repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom can alleviate CCI induced cold allodynia by activating spinal α2-adrenoceptor.
Combined Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture and Morphine on Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice
BVA (bee venom acupuncture) is widely used to eliminate pain and its mechanism is mediated by the spinal serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors. You must be well aware of morphine – a famous opioid that is used to control pain. While Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic, drug meant for colorectal cancer treatment but, it induces chronic peripheral neuropathy. In this clinical study, it was investigated if a treatment done in combination with the above-stated agents has any sort of additive effect on the oxaliplatin-induced mice or not.
For assessment reasons, mechanical and cold allodynia, von Frey filament and acetone tests were performed. It was noticed that allodynia signs surfaced right after 3 days of administering an oxaliplatin injection having a dose of 6mg/kg. Bee venom acupuncture having doses (0.25mg/kg, 1mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg) was given at ST36 acupoint and morphine having doses (0.5mg/kg, 2kg/mg and 5kg/mg) demonstrated dose-dependent effect. Combining bee venom acupuncture and morphine at a low dose depicted a long-lasting effect than either morphine or bee venom acupuncture alone at a high dose.
Intrathecal pretreatment done with naloxone 20µg (opioidergic) or MDL-72222 15µg (5 HT3) receptor antagonist, eventually obstructed this additive effect. This effect was not observed with idazoxan 10µg (α2 adrenergic). It is suggested that a combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture is supported by spinal 5HT3 and opioidergic receptors. This combination also has a strong analgesic action against the oxaliplatin that prompted neuropathic pain.
First of all, let's see what is oxaliplatin? It is a 3rd generation platinum-based drug used during chemotherapy in subjects of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women and the third most common type of cancer in men. This drug is commonly used, as there are no ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity symptoms recorded. There are different platinum-based drugs, that lead to these symptoms (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity), like carboplatin and cisplatin.
But still, oxaliplatin leads to peripheral neuropathy, which is categorized by dysesthesias of hands and feet. It also the main side effect that leads to limiting the dose. It has been recorded that oxaliplatin’s single administration can lead to this side effect. Patients, after using this drug, develop motor dysfunction symptoms which are at their peak during the first 48 hours. A novel therapeutic agent is required that does not have any sort of side effects.
A single dose of oxaliplatin 6mg/kg increased shaking of hind paw due to cold acetone stimuli 10µL right after 5 days of giving the injection. It was also noticed that a single dose of oxaliplatin increased the intensity of withdrawal response of hind paw to the 0.4g bending force (von Frey filament application) on 3rd day – they were maintained for 7 days.
This shows that there are significant signs of mechanical and cold allodynia, as it's indicated that experimental mice developed hypersensitivity of mechanical and cold stimuli. A 5% glucose treatment, as a controlling agent, lead to no effect on the mechanical and cold sensitivity. All of these findings show concordance with other clinical experiments, where one dose of oxaliplatin leads to allodynia in mice.
The anti-allodynic effect of different doses of bee venom acupuncture at ST36 or morphine exhibited quite similar relieving effects, which lasted for nearly 90 minutes after administering the injection. The effects observed were the same for both mechanical and cold allodynia. Though, a high dose of honeybee venom acupuncture led to a greater suppressive effect. Mice belonging to the 2.5mg/kg dose group indicated swelling at ST36 point. In the same manner, a high dose of morphine 5mg/kg led to anti-allodynic effects right after 30 minutes of the treatment.
Only a combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture, on the oxaliplatin-induced mice, lead to mechanical and cold allodynia effect. According to the von Frey filament test, it was recorded that morphine along with bee venom acupuncture and NS lead to impressive effects that lasted for 120 minutes after the treatment therapy. This effect is still less than the combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture that lasted for nearly 180 minutes after the initial treatment. In the end, it can be said that 1mg/kg of bee venom acupuncture and 2mg/kg of morphine, when given together, can significantly offset mechanical and cold allodynia.
Conclusion:
Bee venom acupuncture is a therapeutic method generally used in Korea. It has been reported to effectively attenuate neuropathic pain in different animal models, and the results of a clinical trial have demonstrated that BVA can be efficacious in Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Treatment
Most of the conventional drugs, meant for treating neuropathic pains, are not that efficient. They also have adverse reactions, a low tolerance level and can affect the quality of life. That is why researchers are looking at bee venom as it's know for it's both anti-inflammatory effect and pain relieving properties.
Two Types of Neuropathic Pain
There are two different types of neuropathic pains: central neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathic pain. Central neuropathic pain arises due to any sort of disorder or damage received by the spinal cord or brain. And peripheral neuropathic pain is caused due to disturbance or injury faced by any other part of the sensory nervous system.
According to different epidemiological studies, it has been concluded that subjects of neuropathic pain do not get the right treatment. The main reason is that the diagnostic done is poor and hence the treatment prescribed is ineffective. So that tells there is insufficient knowledge available that could help patients to recover from symptoms of neuropathic pain.
Patients suffering from cancer, back pain, and diabetes have symptoms of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain leads to different complications if not treated on time. There is a need for developing better diagnostic procedures and then prescribing a proper treatment to the patients of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain can further lead to impaired physical functions, disturbed sleep, and depression. It is also very difficult for the other family members to manage the patient due to financial and medical issues.
Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture: An Effective Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
There is no proper medical therapy available for treating CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome). In this clinical study a patient, having complex regional pain syndrome, 29 years old was chosen, who had developed the symptoms after going through a surgical treatment on the 4th and 5th toe. The patient had received diverse pain treatment but his symptoms could not be controlled. Upon visiting the Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of the Daejeon University his case was evaluated for a thorough investigation. The case was finalized to examine the effects of BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) in subjects of CRPS.
BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) 0.15 to 0.4 mL, was administered at the GB43. Treatment was continued for 1 week and the dose was given twice a day. Symptoms of CRPS were examined with the help of a controlled dosage of BVP (bee venom pharmacopuncture) and NRS (numeric rating scale).
During the first visit of the patient, it was found that he was subjected to a tricyclic antidepressant, an analgesic, and an anticonvulsant. According to the numeric rating scale, it was recorded that the patient faced the worst pain in the toes, as it had a count of 8. In the same manner, severe pain was observed when the patient’s 4th and 5th toe were touched. It meant that the patient had severe hypersensitivity to touch – a common symptom of neuropathic pain. Apart from these issues the patient also complained of depression, rash, and dyspepsia.
Later, When the NRS and BVP treatment was completed, the numeric rating scale recorded no sort of pain in the toes, as it had a count of 0. It meant that there was no need to take the pain killers anymore.
A follow up was recommended after 4 months. It was examined that he did not face any sort of pain symptoms or adverse effects of bee venom pharmacopuncture.
According to the results of this experiment, it can be said that BVP is a useful therapy for treating subjects of CRPS. However, further research is required to support this evidence.
Neuroprotective Effects of Melittin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells
It has been found that certain free radicals lead to the death of neuronal cells in different neurodegenerative diseases. Honeybee venom is one of the safest options for treating different inflammatory diseases and it has been used since long with other medicines too. It is interesting to note that bee venom is not a new invention. It has been used by ancient people too, to treat different ailments.
Now bee venom is being used to treat chronic illnesses like neurological disorders. The reason is that BV is loaded with natural healing elements that do not have any sort of side effects. Melittin is one of the main constituents of bee venom and it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and biological effects.
The neuroprotective effect of melittin was examined against the H202 induced apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The investigation was carried out through a 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, caspase-3 activity, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots.
It was observed that H202 treated cells decreased apoptotic features and cell viability and enhanced generation of caspase-3. Melittin treatment suppressed apoptotic DNA fragmentation and strengthened cell viability. Melittin also weakened H202, persuaded a decrease in the protein production and mRNA of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Furthermore, it was observed that melittin prevented both the protein expression and H202 induced mRNA of Bax linked caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic factors.
This clinical study suggests that melittin possesses extremely efficient therapeutic effects and can be used to prevent and control symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.
Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain...
As mentioned earlier, neuropathic pain has different manifestations – cold allodynia is one of them. It is a distinct feature of this chronic pain and the present clinical study revolves around it. With the help of this study, it was determined if single or repetitive treatments of DBV (diluted bee venom) can help reduce cold allodynia in the sciatic nerve CCI (chronic constriction injury) rats. And also it was analyzed if this effect was mediated by the spinal adrenergic receptors or not.
A single injection of diluted bee venom 2.5mg/kg was administered at the Zusanli acupoint nearly 2 weeks after CCI. Repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom at 0.25mg/kg was given for 14 days right after 15 days of CCI treatment. It was noticed that a single dose of diluted bee venom at a low dose of 0.25mg/kg did not generate an anti-cold allodynic effect. But on the other hand, a high dose of diluted bee venom at 2.5mg/kg impressively reduced cold allodynia.
Furthermore, as a result of this high dose of diluted bee venom, its effect was ultimately blocked by the intrathecal pretreatment of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (idazoxan), but not α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (prazosin) or non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol).
Besides, the joint administration of a low dose of diluted bee venom at 0.25mg/kg and α2-adrenoceptor agonist (clonidine) helped in reducing cold allodynia. While repetitive treatment carried out at a low dose of diluted bee venom showed no motor deficit that significantly inhibited cold allodynia beginning right from 7 days after the diluted bee venom treatment.
It was observed that this effect was appreciated by the intrathecal idazoxan injection. According to these findings, it can be said that a single or repetitive treatment of diluted bee venom can alleviate CCI induced cold allodynia by activating spinal α2-adrenoceptor.
Combined Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture and Morphine on Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice
BVA (bee venom acupuncture) is widely used to eliminate pain and its mechanism is mediated by the spinal serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors. You must be well aware of morphine – a famous opioid that is used to control pain. While Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic, drug meant for colorectal cancer treatment but, it induces chronic peripheral neuropathy. In this clinical study, it was investigated if a treatment done in combination with the above-stated agents has any sort of additive effect on the oxaliplatin-induced mice or not.
For assessment reasons, mechanical and cold allodynia, von Frey filament and acetone tests were performed. It was noticed that allodynia signs surfaced right after 3 days of administering an oxaliplatin injection having a dose of 6mg/kg. Bee venom acupuncture having doses (0.25mg/kg, 1mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg) was given at ST36 acupoint and morphine having doses (0.5mg/kg, 2kg/mg and 5kg/mg) demonstrated dose-dependent effect. Combining bee venom acupuncture and morphine at a low dose depicted a long-lasting effect than either morphine or bee venom acupuncture alone at a high dose.
Intrathecal pretreatment done with naloxone 20µg (opioidergic) or MDL-72222 15µg (5 HT3) receptor antagonist, eventually obstructed this additive effect. This effect was not observed with idazoxan 10µg (α2 adrenergic). It is suggested that a combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture is supported by spinal 5HT3 and opioidergic receptors. This combination also has a strong analgesic action against the oxaliplatin that prompted neuropathic pain.
First of all, let's see what is oxaliplatin? It is a 3rd generation platinum-based drug used during chemotherapy in subjects of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women and the third most common type of cancer in men. This drug is commonly used, as there are no ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity symptoms recorded. There are different platinum-based drugs, that lead to these symptoms (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity), like carboplatin and cisplatin.
But still, oxaliplatin leads to peripheral neuropathy, which is categorized by dysesthesias of hands and feet. It also the main side effect that leads to limiting the dose. It has been recorded that oxaliplatin’s single administration can lead to this side effect. Patients, after using this drug, develop motor dysfunction symptoms which are at their peak during the first 48 hours. A novel therapeutic agent is required that does not have any sort of side effects.
A single dose of oxaliplatin 6mg/kg increased shaking of hind paw due to cold acetone stimuli 10µL right after 5 days of giving the injection. It was also noticed that a single dose of oxaliplatin increased the intensity of withdrawal response of hind paw to the 0.4g bending force (von Frey filament application) on 3rd day – they were maintained for 7 days.
This shows that there are significant signs of mechanical and cold allodynia, as it's indicated that experimental mice developed hypersensitivity of mechanical and cold stimuli. A 5% glucose treatment, as a controlling agent, lead to no effect on the mechanical and cold sensitivity. All of these findings show concordance with other clinical experiments, where one dose of oxaliplatin leads to allodynia in mice.
The anti-allodynic effect of different doses of bee venom acupuncture at ST36 or morphine exhibited quite similar relieving effects, which lasted for nearly 90 minutes after administering the injection. The effects observed were the same for both mechanical and cold allodynia. Though, a high dose of honeybee venom acupuncture led to a greater suppressive effect. Mice belonging to the 2.5mg/kg dose group indicated swelling at ST36 point. In the same manner, a high dose of morphine 5mg/kg led to anti-allodynic effects right after 30 minutes of the treatment.
Only a combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture, on the oxaliplatin-induced mice, lead to mechanical and cold allodynia effect. According to the von Frey filament test, it was recorded that morphine along with bee venom acupuncture and NS lead to impressive effects that lasted for 120 minutes after the treatment therapy. This effect is still less than the combined effect of morphine and bee venom acupuncture that lasted for nearly 180 minutes after the initial treatment. In the end, it can be said that 1mg/kg of bee venom acupuncture and 2mg/kg of morphine, when given together, can significantly offset mechanical and cold allodynia.
Conclusion:
Bee venom acupuncture is a therapeutic method generally used in Korea. It has been reported to effectively attenuate neuropathic pain in different animal models, and the results of a clinical trial have demonstrated that BVA can be efficacious in Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Further studies and trials:
Bee venom acupuncture for chronic low back pain.
Bee venom stimulation reduces cold allodynia.
Neuroprotective effects of melittin on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
Effects of Bee Venom Injections at Acupoints on Neurologic Dysfunction Induced by Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disorders...
Bee venom acupuncture for the treatment of chronic low back pain...
Suppressive Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain...
Perineural pretreatment of bee venom attenuated the development of allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation injured neuropathic...
Efficacy of Bee Venom Acupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain...
Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture: An Effective Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Antiallodynic Effects of Bee Venom in an Animal Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-I)
Bee venom acupuncture, NSAIDs or combined treatment for chronic neck pain: study protocol for a randomized...
Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain...
Melittin, the Major Pain-Producing Substance of Bee Venom
Secreted Phospholipases A2 from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia
Combined Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture and Morphine on Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice
Involvement of Rac1 signalling pathway in the development and maintenance of acute inflammatory pain...
Analgesic Effects of Bee Venom Derived Phospholipase A2 in a Mouse Model of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain
Distinct contributions of reactive oxygen species in amygdala to bee venom-induced spontaneous pain-related behaviors
Region- or state-related differences in expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)...
Validating Rat Model of Empathy for Pain: Effects of Pain Expressions in Social Partners
Can Medical Herbs Stimulate Regeneration or Neuroprotection and Treat Neuropathic Pain...
Skew-symmetric Random Effect Models with Application to a Preventive Cohort Study: Improving Outcomes in Low Back Pain...
SDF1–CXCR4 signaling contributes to persistent pain and hypersensitivity via regulating excitability of primary...
P01.06. The effect of bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy in a neuropathic pain rat model
Repetitive Treatment with Diluted Bee Venom Attenuates the Induction of Below-Level Neuropathic Pain Behaviors in a Rat Spinal Cord
Bee venom acupuncture for chronic low back pain.
Bee venom stimulation reduces cold allodynia.
Neuroprotective effects of melittin on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
Effects of Bee Venom Injections at Acupoints on Neurologic Dysfunction Induced by Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disorders...
Bee venom acupuncture for the treatment of chronic low back pain...
Suppressive Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain...
Perineural pretreatment of bee venom attenuated the development of allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation injured neuropathic...
Efficacy of Bee Venom Acupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain...
Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture: An Effective Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Antiallodynic Effects of Bee Venom in an Animal Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-I)
Bee venom acupuncture, NSAIDs or combined treatment for chronic neck pain: study protocol for a randomized...
Activation of Spinal α2-Adrenoceptors Using Diluted Bee Venom Stimulation Reduces Cold Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain...
Melittin, the Major Pain-Producing Substance of Bee Venom
Secreted Phospholipases A2 from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia
Combined Effects of Bee Venom Acupuncture and Morphine on Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice
Involvement of Rac1 signalling pathway in the development and maintenance of acute inflammatory pain...
Analgesic Effects of Bee Venom Derived Phospholipase A2 in a Mouse Model of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain
Distinct contributions of reactive oxygen species in amygdala to bee venom-induced spontaneous pain-related behaviors
Region- or state-related differences in expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)...
Validating Rat Model of Empathy for Pain: Effects of Pain Expressions in Social Partners
Can Medical Herbs Stimulate Regeneration or Neuroprotection and Treat Neuropathic Pain...
Skew-symmetric Random Effect Models with Application to a Preventive Cohort Study: Improving Outcomes in Low Back Pain...
SDF1–CXCR4 signaling contributes to persistent pain and hypersensitivity via regulating excitability of primary...
P01.06. The effect of bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy in a neuropathic pain rat model
Repetitive Treatment with Diluted Bee Venom Attenuates the Induction of Below-Level Neuropathic Pain Behaviors in a Rat Spinal Cord